Awareness and Determinants of Attitude Toward Mutated Risk of Lung Cancer: Case Study on Malaysia Citizen文献综述

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer is an acquired (somatic) mutation where it acquired sometime later during life rather than inherited. It occurs when normal cells undergo a transformation and growth out of control. These cells will form a growth or tumor which is different from the original tissue. This can be dangerous because it uses up oxygen, nutrients and invade nearby tissues thatrsquo;s can result in damage or loss of normal function of the tissues. In the body, the cancer cells can spread or metastasize to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body via the blood stream.

Majority of the lung cancer patients (approx. 80%) are clinically symptomatic and present with cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest-pain, and non-resolving pneumonia.¹ While, less than 10% of the patients are asymptomatic when the cancer is detected as an incidental finding.¹ Lung cancer can be classified into two groups either Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) or Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), with the NSCLC accounting for the vast majority (87%).²

Worldwide, lung cancer remains as the leading cause of cancer related deaths with 30-40% occurring in developing countries.³ In Malaysia, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) GLOBOCAN 2018 database, lung cancer is the second most common cancer among male and third most common cancer in general population. The incidence of lung cancer and consequence death from this disease is anticipated to increase over the next decade due to high rates of smoking.⁴

A review of patients with carcinoma of the lung seen in Kelantan⁵ shown that 75% of the patients were smokers. The prevalence of those who reported to have smoked at least once in her or his lifetime was 30.6% in Malaysia, with males outnumbering females (59.7% and 5.1% respectively).⁶ Children should be specially targeted in awareness campaigns which should start with lower secondary school children and reinforced in school leavers, while law pertaining to the minimum age for buying tobacco product must be reviewed.⁶

Despite tremendous efforts to treat this cancer, the overall 5-years survival for all stages is dismally low at 15%,⁷ since most patients present at an advance stage when curative treatment is no longer an option. According to the Malaysia National Cancer Registry Report (MNCRR) 2007-2011 report, around 60% of cancer were diagnosed at stage 3 and 4.⁸ This can be due to lack of awareness on the sign and symptoms as well as lack in health seeking behavior among public.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to 2018 WHO report, in Malaysia lung cancer is the leading cause of death with 4,075 death per year accounting for 15.4% of all medically certified death due to cancer. In the same year also, 4 686 new cases involved both sexes were diagnosed with males 3,426 cases (the most common cancer diagnosed) out numbering female population 1,260 cases (the fifth most common cancer diagnosed).⁹

Regarding on those matters, a study research will be carried out to study the perception and attitude public toward lung cancer risk factor. In this study, we can hear significant different opinion of respondent from various background, education, socioeconomic, age, ethnic, and gender. This information important for further observation.

On the other hand, this study can identify the effective way of health communication effort to deliver the awareness to public. This matter really important because according to MNCRR 2007-2011 most cancer patient didnrsquo;t realize they have cancer until itrsquo;s too late. Beside that, a cross-sectional study on lung cancer awareness was conducted by Al-Naggar, et al in 2012, the overall knowledge on lung cancer was found to be low.¹⁰